TOC ASIAN HIGHLANDS PERSPECTIVES #48 (2017)
Asian
Highlands Perspectives is pleased to announce the publication of
Volume 48: GREAT LORDS OF THE SKY: BURMA'S SHAN ARISTOCRACY by Sao Sanda Simms.
Written from a Tai/Shan perspective, the intricate and often unsettled
realities that existed in the Shan States from early times up to the military
coup in 1962 are described in a comprehensive overview of the stresses and
strains that the Shan princes endured from early periods of monarchs and wars,
under British rule and Japanese occupation, and Independence and Bamar military
regime. Part One covers chronological events relating them to the rulers, the
antagonists, and the people and the continuing conflict in the Shan State. Part
Two deals with the 34 Tai/Shan rulers, describing their histories, lives, and
work. Included are photographs and family trees of the princes, revealing a
span of Shan history, before being lost in the mists of time. The past is
explained in order that the present political situations may be understood and
resolved amicably between the Bamar government, the Tatmadaw, and the ethnic
nationalities.
Volume 48 is available as a
free download at: http://bit.ly/2vE3BuY
and can be purchased as an
at-cost hardback at: http://bit.ly/2vsxyy7
Volume 48: GREAT LORDS OF
THE SKY: BURMA'S SHAN ARISTOCRACY
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS <7>
CONTENTS <9>
THE AUTHOR <15>
MAPS <17>
§ Map 1: Political Divisions, Union of Burma, 1948 <17>
§ Map 2: Location of Shan States, 1939 <18>
§ Map 3: Resources of the Shan Plateau <19>
§ Map 4: Major Ethnic Groups of Burma <20>
PREFACE <21>
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
<23>
PART ONE: Background
Chapter One: The Early Period <26>
§
The
Shan Plateau <26>
§
Migrations <27>
§
The
Early Ava Court <28>
§
Differences <30>
§
Mutual
Respect <32>
§
The
Limbin Confederacy 1886 <33>
§
British
Annexation <34>
§
Under
the British 36<>
§
Changing
Times <36>
Chapter Two: British Rule <41>
§
The
Watershed 1922 <41>
§
Burma
Round Table Conference 1931-1932
<43>
§
Federated
Council of Shan Chiefs <45>
§
The
Feudal Lords <47>
§
The
Privy Purse <48>
§
Contentment?
<50>
§
Some
Progress <51>
Chapter three: The Interim <58>
§ A Storm
Approaches <58>
§
Enter the Japanese <58>
§
Japanese
Occupation <60>
§
Distrust
<63>
§
Return
of the British <64>
§
SCOUHP
1946 <68>
§
Attlee-Aung
San Treaty <69>
§
Anti-feudalists
<70>
§
Namkham
U Htun Aye <73>
Chapter Four: Panglong and
After <77>
§
The
Panglong Agreement of 1947 <77>
§
Committee
of Inquiry 1947 <79>
§
Tragedy
<80>
§
Constituent
Assembly <81>
§
Selecting
a President <82>
§ Insurgency
<84>
Chapter Five: Ten Long
Years <91>
§
Disenchantment
<91>
§
To
Secede or Not, 1958 <93>
§
Tatmadaw's
Soft Approach <95>
§
The
1959 Abdications <96>
§
New
Elections <97>
Chapter Six: Without Trust <103>
§
The
Federal Proposal <103>
§
U
Tun Myint <105>
§
No
Compromise <107>
§
The
Coup d'etat 1962 <110>
PART TWO: GUARDIANS OF THE SHAN PLATEAU
Chapter Seven: The Northern Shan States
<121>
§ Hsipaw State <121>
o Fate Unknown <121>
o
Hsipaw State
<123>
o
The Saohpa Long <124>
o
Strained Relations <126>
o
Japanese Occupation <127>
o
The Tabaung Festivals <128>
§ Hsenwi State <140>
o Hsenwi
Saohpa Long <140>
o
Japanese
Disapproval <141>
o Flight to
Safety <142>
o Shan-Kachin
<144>
o Burma Road
<145>
o Dr. Gordon
Seagrave (1897-1965) <146>
§ Mong Yai State <155>
o
A Kingdom Lost
<155>
o
Hsenwi Divided
<155>
§ Mong Mit State <164>
o An
Accomplished Prince <164>
o The Saohpa
Long <165>
o Japanese
Occupation <167>
o Rubies <168>
o
Teak
Forests <169>
§ Tawngpeng State <176>
o The
Palaung/Ta'ang <176>
o Tawngpeng
and its Saohpa <177>
o The
Namtu/Bawdwin Mines <180>
o Not for
Export <181>
o Tea: a
Drink or a Salad? <182>
o An Episode
<183>
Chapter Eight: The Eastern
Shan States <193>
§ Kengtung State <193>
o Largest
Mong <193>
o Mangrai
Descendants <194>
o Kengtung
Saohpa Long <195>
o Close Ties
<197>
o Tai Khun
and Tai-Lu <198>
o The
Kuomintang (KMT) <199>
§ Mong Pan State <216>
§
Kokang State
<219>
o Into the
Fold <219>
o The House
of Yang <220>
o The Next
Generation <221>
o Jimmy Yang
<222>
o The New
Order <224>
Chapter
Nine: The Inner Shan States <233>
§ Isolation <233>
§ Mong Nai State <234>
o
Once Powerful
<234>
o
Massacre
<234>
§
Laikha
State <242>
o A Gracious
Host <242>
o A State of
Many Names <243>
o A Learned
Abbot <245>
§
Mawkmai
State <250>
o A Charismatic Prince <250>
§ Mong Nawng/Mong Nong State <255>
o
Separated from Hsenwi <255>
o
Privy Purse
<255>
§ Mong Kung State <262>
o Appointed
Saohpa in 1928 <262>
§ Mong Hsu State <271>
o
Actively Involved <271>
o
Mong Hsu Rubies <272>
§ Kesi Mansam State <274>
o
Warrior Princes <274>
o
Outstanding Career <276>
§
Tai
Shan Resistance <282>
o Noom Suk
Harn <282>
o The Golden
Triangle <285>
Chapter ten: The Central
Shan States <292>
§ Yawnghwe State <292>
o The Saohpa
Long <292>
o Hands-tied
<294>
o Yawnghwe
Founded in 1394 <295>
o Enter the
British <297>
o Phaung Daw
U Poy <299>
o Inle Needs
Saving <300>
§
Mong Pawn State <316>
o An Able
Statesman <316>
o The Mong
Pawn Dynasty <316>
o The
Kyemmong <318>
§
Hsahtung State
<325>
o Remarkable
Prince <325>
o Advocating
Unity <326>
o Untimely
Death <328>
o The Pa-O <328>
o Restlessness
<330>
§ Lawksawk State <337>
o
Saohpa
of Stature <337>
o Japanese
Courtesy <338>
§ Samka State <345>
o Ancient
Samka <345>
o A Devoted
Buddhist <345>
§ Loi Long/Pinlaung State <352>
o
Mountainous Region <352>
o
Combating Insurgents <353>
§ Nawngmawn State <356>
o Sao Htun
Yin <357>
Namhkok State <359>
§ Wanyin/Banyin State <363>
§ Hopong State <364>
§ Sakoi State <367>
§ Mong Pai State <369>
o
Mong Pai Amalgamated <369>
o
Mobye Narapati
<369>
§ Attempt at Progress <371>
Chapter Eleven: The Mye
Lat States: The Middle Lands <373>
o Experimental Stations <375>
§ Hsahmong Kham State <376>
o
Arrival of the Danu <376>
o
Defended the State <377>
o
Politically Involved <378>
§ Pangtara/Pindaya State <384>
o Pindaya
Caves <384>
o Becomes
Saohpa <385>
§
Baw State <391>
o
Baw le-hse-le-ywa <391>
o
An Important Link <391>
§ Pwehla State
<394>
o
Rulers of Note
<394>
o
Promoted a Jemadar <394>
§ Pangmi/Pinhmi State
<399>
o
Head Prefect and Kyemmong <399>
§ Ywangan/Yengan State
<405>
§
Kyong State
<411>
Chapter Twelve: Sharing
the Plateau
<413>
§ The Two Wa States
<413>
o Introduction
<413>
§ Mong Lun/Mong Lon State
<415>
o A Wise
Ruler <415>
o Eastern
Special Region No. 4 <417>
§ Northern Wa States
<419>
o
UWSP and UWSA
<420>
§ The Karenni/Kayah State
<421>
o
Three Karenni States <421>
o
Kantarawadi
<423>
o
Bawlake
<424>
o
Kyebogyi
<425>
o
Becomes Kayah State <425>
o Karenni's Wealth
<427>
§ Diverse Communities
<435>
o Tribes and
Kinships <435>
o Troubled
Relationships <436>
o Akha
<437>
o Lahu
<438>
o Lisu
<438>
o Tai Neu
<439>
o Diversion
<439>
o Muong Sing
to Luang Namtha <439>
o First
Encounter <440>
o Tiger
Women <442>
o Sign
Language <443>
o A Holy Man
<443>
EPILOGUE <450>
§
Presidency
<450>
§
Panglong
Agreement and Federalism <451>
§
Ethnic
Issues <451>
§
Conclusion
<453>
APPENDICES
<454>
§
Appendix
1: The
Panglong Agreement 1947 <455>
§
Appendix
2: Sao Harn Yawnghwe's Account <457>
§
Appendix
3: Sao Shwe Thaike's Letter, 1960 <463>
§
Appendix
4: Letter from Saohpa Sir Sao Mawng, 1926 <464>
§
Appendix
5: Letter Showing Shan Concern, 1947 <465>
TABLES
<466>
§
Table
1: Land area and money: the Shan States in 1939 <467>
§
Table
2: Approximate dates of reigns of rulers from British Annexation in 1887
<469>
GLOSSARY
472
REFERENCES 474
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